网络选修课程 智慧树知到 Arguments and Fallacies 如何推理论证答案单元测试答案
1
【判断题】(1分)
The goal of an argument is to abuse the audiencE. B
A.对
B.错
2
【判断题】(1分)
“33 + 66 = 99" is an argument.B
A.对
B.错
3
【判断题】(1分)
“Water is H20, and salt is NaCl" is an argument.B
A.对
B.错
4
【判断题】(1分)
Every argument has more than one premisE. B
A.对
B.错
5
【判断题】(1分)
All conclusions are made up of (or expressed in) language of some kinD. A
A.对
B.错
6
【判断题】(1分)
The purpose of an argument is to present some kind of reason for its conclusion.A
A.对
B.错
7
【判断题】(1分)
You can give the meaning of a word by specifying what it refers to.B
A.对
B.错
8
【判断题】(1分)
A justification tries to present a reason to believe its conclusion.A
A.对
B.错
9
【判断题】(1分)
When an argument is used for persuasion, its purpose is to cause its audience to believe its conclusion.A
A.对
B.错
10
【判断题】(1分)
A spoken argument is better when it is spoken more loudly.B
A.对
B.错
11
【判断题】(1分)
An argument can succeed in justifying its conclusion even if its audience rejects
the argument's premises.A
A.对
B.错
12
【判断题】(1分)
The goal of an argument is to beat an opponent.B
A.对
B.错
13
【判断题】(1分)
Language is completely arbitrary.B
A.对
B.错
14
【判断题】(1分)
An explanation answers a question about why something happeneD. A
A.对
B.错
15
【判断题】(1分)
To persuade someone, you need to justify a conclusion.B
A.对
B.错
16
【判断题】(1分)
All arguments are made up of (or expressed in) language of some kinD. A
A.对
B.错
17
【判断题】(1分)
You can give the meaning of a word by describing how it is useD. A
A.对
B.错
18
【判断题】(1分)
When an argument is used for explanation, its purpose is to give a reason to believe that its conclusion is truE.B
A.对
B.错
19
【判断题】(1分)
An argument that is spoken is no good if it is not spoken loudly enougH. B
A.对
B.错
20
【判断题】(1分)
Every conclusion contradicts what the audience believes.B
A.对
B.错
21
【判断题】(1分)
To justify a conclusion, you need to persuade someonE. B
A.对
B.错
22
【判断题】(1分)
All arguments are used either to justify or to explain their conclusions.B
A.对
B.错
23
【判断题】(1分)
Language is arbitrary in some respects.A
A.对
B.错
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1
【判断题】(1分)
An assuring term is reflexive when it refers to the mental state of the speaker.
A.对
B.错
2
【判断题】(1分)
The word "since" is always a premise marker.
A.对
B.错
3
【判断题】(1分)
Evaluative utterances are used only to express emotions or prescribe actions.
A.对
B.错
4
【单选题】(1分)
A(n) ___ term is used to indicate a response to a possible objection.
A.A = assuring term
B.D = discounting term
C.E = evaluative term
D.G = guarding term
5
【单选题】(1分)
A(n) ___term is used to indicate that the speaker has reasons for what he says
without actually giving those reasons.
A.E = evaluative term
B.G = guarding term
C.A = assuring term
D.D = discounting term
6
【单选题】(1分)
In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"
... The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices
from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different
functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.
Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of
available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.
Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to
illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.
Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible
God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforcE.
A.C = a conclusion marker
B.E- = a negative evaluative term
C.F. E+ = a positive evaluative term
D.G = a guarding term
E.D = a discounting term
F.P = a premise marker
G.N = none of the above
H.A = an assuring term
7
【单选题】(1分)
In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"
... The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices
from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different
functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.
Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of
available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.
Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to
illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.
Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible
God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforcE.
A.G = a guarding term
B.D = a discounting term
C.P = a premise marker
D.E+ = a positive evaluative term
E.C = a conclusion marker
F.E- = a negative evaluative term
G.N = none of the above
H.A = an assuring term
8
【单选题】(1分)
In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"
... The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different
functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.
Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of
available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.
Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to
illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.
Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible
God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforcE.
A.C = a conclusion marker
B.D = a discounting term
C.E+ = a positive evaluative term
D.G = a guarding term
E.A = an assuring term
F.N = none of the above
G.P = a premise marker
H.E- = a negative evaluative term
9
【单选题】(1分)
In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"
... The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different
functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.
Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of
available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.
Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to
illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.
Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible
God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforcE.
A.A = an assuring term
B.N = none of the above
C.D = a discounting term
D.C = a conclusion marker
E.E- = a negative evaluative term
F.E+ = a positive evaluative term
G.G = a guarding term
H.P = a premise marker
10
【单选题】(1分)
In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"
... The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different
functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.
Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of
available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.
Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to
illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.
Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible
God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforcE.
A.E+ = a positive evaluative term
B.D = a discounting term
C.P = a premise marker
D.C = a conclusion marker
E.G = a guarding term
F.A = an assuring term
G.E- = a negative evaluative term
H.N= none of the above
11
【单选题】(1分)
In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"
... The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different
functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.
Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of
available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.
Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to
illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.
Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible
God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforcE.
A.N = none of the above
B.A = an assuring term
C.P = a premise marker
D.G = a guarding term
E.D = a discounting term
F.E- = a negative evaluative term
G.E+ = a positive evaluative term
H.C = a conclusion marker
12
【单选题】(1分)
In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"
... The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different
functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.
Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of
available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.
Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to
illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.
Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible
God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforcE.
A.D = a discounting term
B.A = an assuring term
C.E- = a negative evaluative term
D.P = a premise marker
E.C = a conclusion marker
F.E+ = a positive evaluative term
G.G = a guarding term
H.N = none of the above
13
【单选题】(1分)
In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"
... The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different
functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.
Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of
available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.
Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to
illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterflyor of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.
Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible
God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforcE.
A.P = a premise marker
B.C = a conclusion marker
C.G = a guarding term
D.E- = a negative evaluative term
E.D = a discounting term
F.N = none of the above
G.A = an assuring term
H.E+ = a positive evaluative term
14
【单选题】(1分)
In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda’s Thumb"
... The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different
functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.
Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of
available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.
Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to
illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.
Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible
God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforcE.
A.C = a conclusion marker
B.A = an assuring term
C.E+ = a positive evaluative term
D.G = a guarding term
E.P = a premise marker
F.E- = a negative evaluative term
G.D = a discounting term
H.N = none of the above
15
【单选题】(1分)
In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"
... The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different
functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.
Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of
available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.
Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to
illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.
Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible
God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforcE.
A.C = a conclusion marker
B.D = a discounting term
C.N = none of the above
D.G = a guarding term
E.P = a premise marker
F.A = an assuring term
G.E- = a negative evaluative term
H.E+ = a positive evaluative term
16
【单选题】(1分)
In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda’s Thumb"
... The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different
functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.
Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of
available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.
Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to
illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution,for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.
Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible
God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforcE.
A.D = a discounting term
B.E- = a negative evaluative term
C.N = none of the above
D.G = a guarding term
E.E+ = a positive evaluative term
F.C = a conclusion marker
G.P = a premise marker
H.A = an assuring term
17
【单选题】(1分)
In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"
... The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different
functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.
Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of
available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.
Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to
illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.
Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible
God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforcE.
A.E- = a negative evaluative term
B.E+ = a positive evaluative term
C.N = none of the above
D.D = a discounting term
E.P = a premise marker
F.G = a guarding term
G.A = an assuring term
H.C = a conclusion marker
18
【单选题】(1分)
A(n) ___ term is used to weaken a claim in order to make it easier to defend against possible criticisms.
A.D = discounting term
B.E = evaluative term
C.G = guarding term
D.A = assuring term
19
【单选题】(1分)
A(n) ___ term can be either positive or negativE.
A.G = guarding term
B.A = assuring term
C.D = discounting term
D.E = evaluative term
20
【单选题】(1分)
A(n) ___ term is used to make a claim less vulnerable to potential criticisms.
A.G = guarding term
B.E = evaluative term
C.A = assuring term
D.D = discounting term
21
【单选题】(1分)
A(n) ___term is used to indicate that the speaker has some reasons for what he says without actually specifying what those reasons arE.
A.G = guarding term
B.E = evaluative term
C.D = discounting term
D.A = assuring term
22
【判断题】(1分)
If a word can be replaced by a premise marker without significantly changing the meaning, then the original word is also a premise marker.
A.对
B.错
23
【判断题】(1分)
“If … then …”is an argument marker.
A.对
B.错
24
【判断题】(1分)
The word“too”in "too small" introduces an evaluation.
A.对
B.错
25
【判断题】(1分)
The word "since" is sometimes a premise marker.
A.对
B.错
26
【判断题】(1分)
Negative evaluative utterances say that something violates a standarD. A.对
B.错
27
【判断题】(1分)
If a word in a sentence can be replaced by a conclusion marker without significantly changing the meaning of the sentence, then the word is used as a conclusion marker in that sentencE. A.对
B.错
1
【单选题】(1分)
An argument is valid (in the technical sense used in this course) when and only when
A.its conclusion is true (regardless of whether its premises are true).
B.it is not possible that its premises are true and its conclusion is not truE. C.it is not possible that its premises are not true and its conclusion is truE. D.its premises and conclusion are both truE.2
【单选题】(1分)
An argument cannot ever be valid (in the technical sense used in this course) when
A.none of the above. (That is, an argument can be valid with any of these combinations of truth values.)
B.its premises are true, and its conclusion is falsE. C.its premises and conclusion are both truE.
D.its premises are false, and its conclusion is truE. E.its premises and conclusion are both falsE.3
【单选题】(1分)
Mount Everest is taller than Mount Kilimanjaro. No anthill is as tall as Mount Kilimanjaro. Therefore, Mount Everest is taller than any anthill.
How would you describe the above example?
A.B = an argument that is both valid and sound
B.N = not an argument
C.A = an argument that is neither valid nor sound
D.V = an argument that is valid but not sound
4
【单选题】(1分)
He can lift 100 kilograms, so he is strong. This is
A.V = an argument that is valid but not sound
B.N = not an argument
C.B = an argument that is both valid and sound
D.A = an argument that is neither valid nor sound
5
【单选题】(1分)
He is so strong that he can lift 100 kilograms.
A.A = an argument that is neither valid nor sound
B.B = an argument that is both valid and sound
C.V = an argument that is valid but not sound
D.N = not an argument
6
【单选题】(1分)
Since Mrs. White did not commit the murder, Colonel Mustard did it.
Which of the following sentences could be added as a suppressed premise to make this argument valid?
A.Mrs. White and Colonel Mustard are suspects for the murder.
B.Either Mrs. White or Colonel Mustard committed the murder.
C.Mrs. White and Colonel Mustard are characters in the board game CluE. D.Mrs. White and Colonel Mustard are the only suspects for the murder.
7
【单选题】(1分)
Joe does not like steak. Therefore, some farmers don't like steak.
Which of the following sentences could be added as a suppressed premise to make this argument valid?
A.Farmers raise animals but not plants.
B.Joe is not a farmer.
C.Farmers raise plants but not animals.
D.Joe is a farmer.
8
【单选题】(1分)
Indicate which of the proposed reconstructions best captures the argument in the following passages from Steven Jay Gould, "The Panda's Thumb".
Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; [since] they are jury-rigged from a
limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary
flowers.
A.
(1) Orchids were not made by an ideal
engineer.
(2) Orchids are jury-rigged from a
limited set of available components.
____________________________
∴(3) Orchids must have evolved from
ordinary flowers. (from 1-2)
B.
(1) Orchids are jury-rigged from a
limited set of available components.
(2) Organisms that are jury-rigged from
a limited set of available components
were not made by an ideal engineer.
(3) Orchids are organisms.
____________________________
∴(4) Orchids were not made by an ideal
engineer. (from 1-3)
(5) Organisms that were not made by
an ideal engineer must have evolved
from ordinary organisms of the same
kinD.(6) Orchids are a kind of flower.
____________________________
∴(7) Orchids must have evolved from
ordinary flowers. (from 3-6)
C.
(1) Orchids were not made by an ideal
engineer.
(2) Organisms that were not made by
an ideal engineer must have evolved
from ordinary organisms of the same
kinD.____________________________
∴(3) Orchids must have evolved from
ordinary flowers. (from 1-2)
(4) Orchids are jury-rigged from a
limited set of available components.
(5) Organisms that are jury-rigged from
a limited set of available components
must have evolved from ordinary
organisms of the same kinD.____________________________
∴(3) Orchids must have evolved from
ordinary flowers. (from 4-5)
9
【单选题】(1分)
Indicate which of the proposed reconstructions best captures the argument in the
following passages from Steven Jay Gould, "The Panda's Thumb."
Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of
ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had
designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would
not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.
Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer….
A.
(1) Orchids are made up of common
components of ordinary flowers.
(2) Those components of ordinary
flowers are usually fitted for different
purposes (in ordinary flowers than in
orchids).
____________________________
∴ (3) Orchids are made up of
components that are usually fitted for
different purposes. (from 1-2)
(4) If God had designed a machine to
reflect his wisdom and power, then he
would not have used components
generally fashioned for different
purposes.
(5) Orchids are a kind of machinE.____________________________
∴ (6) God did not design orchids to reflect his wisdom and power. (from 4- 5)
B.
(1) Orchids are made up of common
components of ordinary flowers.
(2) Those components of ordinary
flowers are usually fitted for different
purposes (in ordinary flowers than in
orchids).
(3) If God had designed a machine to
reflect his wisdom and power, then he
would not have used components
generally fashioned for different
purposes.
∴ (4) God did not design orchids to reflect his
wisdom and power. (from 1-3)
C.
(1) Orchids are made up of common
components of ordinary flowers.
(2) Those components of ordinary
flowers are usually fitted for different
purposes (in ordinary flowers than in
orchids).
____________________________
∴ (3) God did not design orchids. (from 1-2)
(4) If God had designed a machine to
reflect his wisdom and power, then he
would not have used components
generally fashioned for different
purposes.
(5) God designs things to reflect his
wisdom and power.
____________________________
∴ (3) God did not design orchids. (from 4-5)
10
【单选题】(1分)
Indicate which of the proposed reconstructions best represents the argument in
the following passage from an advertisement for Equal Exchange CoffeE.
…Of course, your decision to buy Equal Exchange need not be completely
altruistic. For we take as much pride in refining the taste of our gourmet coffees
as we do in helping the farmers who produce them….
A.
(1) Your decision to buy Equal Exchange
Coffee need not be completely
altruistiC.____________________________
∴(2) We take as much pride in refining
the taste of our gourmet coffees as we
do in helping the farmers who produce
them. (from 1)
B.
(1) Equal Exchange Coffee company
takes as much pride in refining the
taste of their gourmet coffees as they
do in helping the farmers who produce
their gourmet coffees.
(2) Equal Exchange Coffee company
takes great pride in helping the farmers
who produce their gourmet coffees.
____________________________
∴(3) Equal Exchange Coffee company
takes great pride in refining the taste of
their gourmet coffees. (from 1-2)
(4) If Equal Exchange Coffee company
takes great pride in refining the taste of
their gourmet coffees, then their
gourmet coffees will taste gooD.____________________________
∴(5) Equal Exchange gourmet coffees
will taste good. (from 3-4)
(6) If Equal Exchange gourmet coffees
will taste good, then you can make
yourself happy by buying Equal
Exchange gourmet coffees.
____________________________
∴(7) You can make yourself happy by
buying Equal Exchange g
C.
(1) We take as much pride in refining
the taste of our gourmet coffees as we
do in helping the farmers who produce
them.
____________________________
∴(2) Your decision to buy Equal
Exchange Coffee need not be
completely altruistic. (from 1)
11
【单选题】(1分)
Indicate which of the proposed reconstructions best represents the argument in
the following passage from an advertisement for Equal Exchange CoffeE.
…We believe in trading directly with small farming cooperatives at mutually
agreed-upon prices with a fixed minimum rate. Then, should the coffee market
decline, the farmers are still guaranteed a fair price. So have a cup of Equal
Exchange Coffee….
A.
(1) We believe in trading directly with
small farming cooperatives at mutually
agreed-upon prices with a fixed
minimum ratE.(2) You should do what we believe in.
____________________________
∴(3) You should trade directly with small
farming cooperatives at mutually
agreed-upon prices with a fixed
minimum rate. (from 1-2)
(4) If you trade directly with small
farming cooperatives at mutually
agreed-upon prices with a fixed
minimum rate, then the coffee market
will not declinE.(5) If the coffee market does not
decline, then the farmers will still be
guaranteed a fair pricE.(6) If the farmers are guaranteed a fair
price, then you should buy Equal
Exchange CoffeE.____________________________
∴(7) You should buy Equal Exchange
Coffee. (from 3-6)
B.
(1) Equal Exchange Coffee company
trades directly with small farming
cooperatives at mutually agreed-upon
prices with a fixed minimum ratE.(2) If a coffee company trades with a
fixed minimum rate, then, if the coffee
market declines, the farmers are still
guaranteed that minimum pricE.(3) If a minimum price is mutually
agreed-upon by the farmers, then that
minimum price is fair.
____________________________
∴(4) Equal Exchange Coffee company
guarantees farmers a fair price. (from 1-3)
(5) You should buy coffee from a
company that guarantees farmers a fair
pricE.____________________________
∴(6) You should buy Equal Exchange
Coffee. (from 4-5)
C.
(1) We believe in trading directly with
small farming cooperatives at mutually
agreed-upon prices with a fixed
minimum ratE.(2) If the coffee market declines, then
the farmers are still guaranteed a fair
pricE.____________________________
∴(3) Have a cup of Equal Exchange
Coffee. (from 1-2)
12
【单选题】(1分)
An argument can be sound (in the technical sense used in this course) when
A.its premises are true, and its conclusion is falsE. B.its premises and conclusion are both truE. C.more than one of the above. (That is, a sound argument can have more than
one of these combinations of truth values.)
D.its premises are conclusion are both falsE. E.its premises are false, and its conclusion is truE.13
【单选题】(1分)
An argument is sound (in the technical sense used in this course) when and only when
A.the argument is valid and its premises are truE.
B.the argument is valid or its premises are truE.
C.its premises are truE.
D.its conclusion is truE.
14
【单选题】(1分)
The Taj Mahal is taller than Mount Kilimanjaro. No anthill is as tall as Mount
Kilimanjaro. Therefore, the Taj Mahal is taller than any anthill.
A.A = an argument that is neither valid nor sound
B.N = not an argument
C.V = an argument that is valid but not sound
D.B = an argument that is both valid and sound
15
【单选题】(1分)
If jellyfish were birds, then they would have feathers; so jellyfish are not birds.
Which of the following sentences could be added as a suppressed premise to make this argument valid?
A.Jellyfish have feathers.
B.Jellyfish cannot fly.
C.Jellyfish do not have feathers.
D.Birds are not fisH.16
【单选题】(1分)
Which of the following sentences could be added as a suppressed premise to make this argument valid?
You ought to wear a coat, because it is freezinG.
A.You ought to wear a coat when it is freezinG. B.Coats are made to be worn when it is freezinG. C.Most people wear coats when it is freezinG. D.Coats keep you from freezinG.17
【单选题】(1分)
Sao Paulo is in South America, for it is in Brazil, and Brazil is in South AmericA.How would you describe the above example? (In assessing soundness, you may
assume commonly known facts.)
A.B = an argument that is both valid and sound
B.V = an argument that is valid but not sound
C.A = an argument that is neither valid nor sound
D.N = not an argument
18
【单选题】(1分)
Most people from Sao Paulo cheer for the Brazilian national team.
A.A = an argument that is neither valid nor sound
B.V = an argument that is valid but not sound
C.N = not an argument
D.B = an argument that is both valid and sound
19
【单选题】(1分)
Indicate which of the following is a single suppressed premise that is sufficient to make the following argument valiD.
You ought not to eat dessert, because it will ruin your diet.
A.Desserts taste gooD. B.You ought not to eat anything that will ruin your diet.
C.You need to go on a diet.
D.You ought to eat healthy foods that are on your diet.
20
【单选题】(1分)
Indicate which of the following is a single suppressed premise that is sufficient to make the following argument valiD.
All criminals have tattoos, so Gizelle is not a criminal.
A.Gizelle has a tattoo.
B.Gizelle does not have a tattoo.
C.Only criminals have tattoos.
D.Most people with tattoos are criminals.
21
【单选题】(1分)
Which of the following reconstructions best captures the argument in this
passage from John Russell, "Is Eakins Our Greatest Painter?"
…we prize him above all for the new dimension of moral awareness that he
brought to American paintinG.
A.
(1) We prize Eakins above all other
painters.
∴(2) Eakins brought a new dimension of
moral awareness to American paintinG.(from 1)
B.
(1) Eakins brought a new dimension of
moral awareness to American paintinG.(2) We prize painters above all others
when they bring a new moral
awareness to American paintinG.∴(3) We prize Eakins above all other
painters. (from 1-2)
C.
(1) Eakins brought a new dimension of
moral awareness to American paintinG.∴(2) We prize Eakins above all other
painters. (from 1)
D.
(1) Eakins brought a new dimension of
moral awareness to American paintinG.(2) A painter who brings a new
dimension of moral awareness to
American painting is better than all
others.
∴(3) We prize Eakins above all other
painters. (from 1-2)
22
【单选题】(1分)
Which of the following reconstructions best captures the argument in this
passage from Paul Davies, "Life (and Death) on Mars"?
If provided with the right equipment, astronauts would have a chance of living on
Mars for years. Therefore, a one-way trip to Mars need not mean a quick
demisE.
A.
(1) If provided with the right equipment,
astronauts would have a chance of
living on Mars for years.
(2) Astronauts would be provided with
the right equipment.
(3) Astronauts would have a chance of
living on Mars for years.
∴(4) A one-way trip to Mars need not
mean a quick demise. (from 1-3)
B.
(1) If provided with the right equipment,
astronauts would have a chance of
living on Mars for years.
(2) Astronauts would be provided with
the right equipment.
∴(3) Astronauts would have a chance of
living on Mars for years.. (from 1-2)
(4) If people live on Mars for years, then
they do not suffer a quick demisE.∴(5) A one-way trip to Mars need not
mean a quick demise. (from 3-4)
C.
(1) Astronauts would be provided with
the right equipment.
(2) Astronauts would have a chance of
living on Mars for years.
∴(3) A one-way trip to Mars need not
mean a quick demise. (from 1-2)
D.
(1) If provided with the right equipment,
astronauts would have a chance of
living on Mars for years.
(2) Astronauts would be provided with
the right equipment.
∴(3) Astronauts would have a chance of
living on Mars for years.. (from 1-2)
∴(4) A one-way trip to Mars need not
mean a quick demise. (from 3)
23
【单选题】(1分)
Japan is bigger than Israel. Japan is not bigger than China. Therefore, China is bigger than Israel.
How would you describe the above example? (In assessing soundness, you may
assume commonly known facts.)
A.V = an argument that is valid but not sound
B.A = an argument that is neither valid nor sound
C.B = an argument that is both valid and sound
D.N = not an argument
24
【单选题】(1分)
Japan is bigger than Israel. China is much bigger than Israel. Therefore, Japan is
not bigger than ChinA.
A.A = an argument that is neither valid nor sound
B.N = not an argument
C.V = an argument that is valid but not sound
D.B = an argument that is both valid and sound
25
【单选题】(1分)
Indicate which of the following is a single suppressed premise that is sufficient to
make the following argument valiD.
Pigs cannot fly, so they are not birds.
A.All birds can fly.
B.Only birds can fly.
C.Some birds can fly.
D.Some birds cannot fly.
26
【单选题】(1分)
Indicate which of the following is a single suppressed premise that is sufficient to make the following argument valiD.
There was a murder, and the only suspects who could have committed it are Mr.
Green and Mrs. Peacock, so the murderer must be Mr. Green.
A.Mr. Green and Mrs. Peacock did not commit the murder together.
B.Mr. Green is not the only suspect.
C.Mrs. Peacock did not commit the murder.
D.
1
【单选题】(1分)
An expression is vague if
A.it is both valid and sounD. B.it is misleading to others.
C.all of the above
D.it has two or more precise meanings.
E.there is no precise boundary between the cases in which it applies and the cases in which it does not apply.
2
【单选题】(1分)
An expression is ambiguous if
A.all of the above
B.it has two or more distinct meanings.
C.there is no precise boundary between the cases in which it applies and the cases in which it does not apply.
D.it is both valid and sounD. E.it is misleading to others.
3
【单选题】(1分)
Which of the following expressions is vague?
A.electric current
B.division
C.heap
D.285784
E.distance
4
【单选题】(1分)
Which of the following expressions is vague?
A.fast
B.hour
C.integer
D.twice
E.zero
5
【单选题】(1分)
Which of the following expressions is syntactically ambiguous?
A.These two siblings like each other.
B.Joe and Sally are siblings.
C.Neither Joe nor Sally likes the other.
D.all of the above
E.Joe and Sally like each other.
6
【单选题】(1分)
Which of the following sentences is syntactically ambiguous?
A.Please turn off your cell phones.
B.The speed limit on this road is 100 kilometers per hour.
C.The conference will be held next week.
D.Close doors and open windows.
E.I need to deposit some money at the bank.
7
【单选题】(1分)
Which of the following expressions is syntactically ambiguous?
A.British left waffles on Falkland Islands.
B.Hand over your car keys now.
C.I ate yogurt for dessert.
D.The Earth is 93 million miles away from the Sun.
E.Athens is the capital city of GreecE.8
【单选题】(1分)
Which of the following expressions is semantically ambiguous?
A.the International Monetary Fund
B.river
C.North Carolina
D.the Atlantic Ocean
E.bank
9
【单选题】(1分)
Which of the following expressions is semantically ambiguous?
A.all of the above
B.enter
C.phone
D.color
E.arrest
10
【单选题】(1分)
Which of the following expressions is semantically ambiguous?
A.liver
B.ordinal
C.river
D.cardinal
E.all of the above
11
【单选题】(1分)
An argument that equivocates (or commits the fallacy of equivocation) is
A.an argument that a group of things must have a property because members of that group have that property.
B.an argument that something isn't true because we do not know it is truE. C.an argument that depends on an ambiguity.
D.an argument that cites insignificant changes along a continuum.
E.an argument with a premise that needs to be justified but isn't justifieD.12
【单选题】(1分)
Consider the following argument:
"If you smoke one cigarette today, then you will end up smoking another one
tomorrow, and more the day after that, and before you know it you will smoking
two packs a day and shortening your life expectancy by decades. So you should
not even smoke one cigarette today.”
This argument contains a
A.all of the above
B.conceptual slippery slope fallacy.
C.fallacy of equivocation.
D.fairness slippery slope fallacy.
E.causal slippery slope fallacy.
13
【单选题】(1分)
A slippery slope argument is
A.an argument with a premise that needs to be justified but isn’t justifieD. B.an argument that a group of things must have a property because members of that group have that property.
C.an argument that cites insignificant changes along a continuum.
D.an argument that something isn't true because we do not know it is truE. E.an argument that depends on an ambiguity.
1
【单选题】(1分)
Which of the following arguments is an appeal to authority?
A.Vague Vinny told me that it will rain today, but there's no substantial difference between raining and drizzling, therefore Vinny will end up having been right even if it just drizzles.
B.Raspy Ralph told me that it will snow, and, therefore, he must have heard the weather report.
C.Honest Abe told me that it will rain today, therefore, it will probably rain today.
D.Screaming Sam told me that it will snow today, but he's wronG. E.Lying Larry told me that it will rain today, therefore, it probably will not rain today.
2
【单选题】(1分)
Which of the following arguments is an ad hominem?
A.James said“checkmate”during the game, and James's testimony is as reliable as anybody's, so you should conclude that there is a checkmatE. B.James said“checkmate,”and in fact there is a checkmate, so James spoke the trutH. C.James said“checkmate,”and Jane said that too, so Jane corroborated James's testimony.
D.It's true that James blurted out“checkmate”during the game, but he wasn't even one of the players, so you must ignore what he saiD. E.all of the above
3
【单选题】(1分)
A denier is an argument in which the premises are about the person making a point, and the conclusion is that
A.the point that they are making is falsE. B.they did not have enough evidence to make that point in the context in which they did, so you should not believe them.
C.they are especially entitled to make that point in the context in which they did, so you should pay special attention to them.
D.the point that they are making is truE. E.they are not entitled to make that point in the context in which they did, so you should not listen to them.
F.they have more than enough evidence to make that point in the context in which they did, so you should be very confident that they are right.
4
【单选题】(1分)
A silencer is an argument in which the premises are about the person making a point, and the conclusion is that
A.they are especially entitled to make that point in the context in which they did, so you should pay special attention to them.
B.they did not have enough evidence to make that point in the context in which they did, so you should not believe them.
C.the point that they are making is truE. D.they are not entitled to make that point in the context in which they did, so you should not listen to them.
E.the premises are about the person making a point, and the conclusion is that the point that they are making is falsE. F.they have more than enough evidence to make that point in the context in which they did, so you should be very confident that they are right.
5
【单选题】(1分)
An amplifier is an an argument in which the premises are about the person making a
point, and the conclusion is that
A.they are not entitled to make that point in the context in which they did, so you should not listen to them.
B.the point that they are making is falsE. C.they are especially entitled to make that point in the context in which they did, so you should pay special attention to them.
D.they did not have enough evidence to make that point in the context in which they did, so you should not believe them.
E.the premises are about the person making a point, and the conclusion is that the point that they are making is truE. F.they have more than enough evidence to make that point in the context in which they did, so you should be very confident that they are right.
6
【单选题】(1分)
Which of the following arguments is an appeal to authority?
A."Walter told me that Ram is always lying, but Ram told me that Walter is always lying. Therefore, at least one of them is wrong."
B.A and C, but not B or D. C."While in a foreign city, I asked a stranger how to get to the local monument. He ignored me, and so he must not know the way."
D."The New York Times says that it contains all the news that’s fit to print. And it would be fit to print if the New York Times did not contain all the news that's fit to print. Therefore, the New York Times must really contain all the news that's fit to print."
E."The stranger told me that it will rain today, so I should take my umbrella."
7
【单选题】(1分)
Consider the following argument:
"Ronald Reagan thought that there should be a nationwide ban on assault
weapons. And no one would know as much about this issue as Ronald Reagan
did. Therefore, there should be a nationwide ban on assault weapons."
This argument is a(n)
A.affirmer.
B.denier.
C.dismisser.
D.amplifier.
E.supporter.
8
【单选题】(1分)
A dismisser is an argument in which
A.each premise denies another premisE. B.the premise denies the conclusion.
C.one of the premises concerns a testifier, and the conclusion claims that we have no reason to believe her testimony.
D.the conclusion denies the premises.
E.one of the premises concerns a testifier, and the conclusion denies what the testifier claimed, on grounds that the testifier spoke falsely.
9
【单选题】(1分)
A denier is an argument in which
A.each premise denies another premisE. B.the premise denies the conclusion.
C.the conclusion denies the premises.
D.one of the premises concerns a testifier, and the conclusion claims that we have no reason to believe her testimony.
E.one of the premises concerns a testifier, and the conclusion denies what the testifier claimed, on grounds that the testifier spoke falsely.
10
【单选题】(1分)
An amplifier is an argument in which
A.all of the above
B.each premise amplifies on the one before it.
C.the conclusion amplifies on the premises.
D.it is established that a particular amplifier volume knob goes to eleven.
E.one of the premises claims that a particular person’s word is especially privileged for the purposes of our deciding an issuE.11
【单选题】(1分)
A silencer is an argument in which
A.one of the premises advises people to be silent.
B.the conclusion is that whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.
C.the conclusion follows from the premises only if they are passed over in silencE. D.none of the above
E.the first premise is“Shhh!”
12
【单选题】(1分)
Which of the following arguments is an appeal to authority?
A.George Carlin advises people not to vote, but he's a jerk, so you shouldn't do what he says.
B.It's silly to vote, since your vote doesn't count anyway: no election is ever decided by a single votE. C.all of the above
D.It's true that Joe is a genius, but that doesn't mean that everything he says is right! So don't just accept everything he says.
E.Walter thinks voting is pointless, but Ram thinks it is important. I find Walter more credible, so I'm not going to votE.13
【单选题】(1分)
Which of the following arguments is an ad hominem?
A.all of the above
B.George Carlin advises people not to vote, but he's a jerk, so you shouldn't do what he says.
C.It's true that Joe is a genius, but that doesn't mean that everything he says is right! So don't just accept everything he says.
D.It's silly to vote, since your vote doesn't count anyway: no election is ever decided by a single votE. E.Walter thinks voting is pointless, but Ram thinks it is important. I find Walter more credible, so I'm not going to votE.14
【单选题】(1分)
Consider the following argument:
"Tony claims to have found the Higgs Boson. But Tony is constantly lying to make
himself sound important. So I bet he hasn’t found the Higgs Boson at all.”
This argument is an example of
A.an affirmer.
B.an amplifier.
C.a silencer.
D.a dismisser.
E.a denier.
15
【单选题】(1分)
Which of the following arguments is an appeal to authority?
A.It's true that James blurted out“checkmate”during the game, but he wasn't even one of the players, so you must ignore what he saiD. B.James said“checkmate,”and Jane said that too, so Jane corroborated James's testimony.
C.James said“checkmate”during the game, and James's testimony is as reliable as anybody's, so you should conclude that there is a checkmatE. D.James said“checkmate,”and in fact there is a checkmate, so James spoke the trutH. E.all of the above
16
【单选题】(1分)
An appeal to authority occurs when
A.the premises are not about the person making a point and neither is the conclusion.
B.none of the above
C.the premises are about the conclusion and the conclusion is about the premises.
D.the premises are about the person making a point and the conclusion says something favorable about that person.
E.the premises are about the vagueness of a point being made a person and the conclusion tells against the person.
17
【单选题】(1分)
Which of the following arguments is an ad hominem?
A.Screaming Sam told me that it will snow today, but he's wronG. B.Lying Larry told me that it will rain today, therefore, it probably will not rain today.
C.Raspy Ralph told me that it will snow, and therefore, he must have heard the weather report.
D.Honest Abe told me that it will rain today, therefore, it will probably rain today.
E.Vague Vinny told me that it will rain today, but there’s no substantial difference between raining and drizzling, therefore Vinny will end up having been right even if it just drizzles.
18
【单选题】(1分)
An ad hominem argument is one in which
A.the premises are not about the person making a point and neither is the conclusion.
B.the premises are about the conclusion and the conclusion is about the premises.
C.the premises are about the vagueness of a point being made a person and the conclusion tells against the person.
D.a premise or conclusion cannot be falsified by any possible event.
E.the premises are about the person making a point and the conclusion speaks favorably of them.
19
【单选题】(1分)
Which of the following arguments is an ad hominem?
A.all of the above
B.John said that the defendant was guilty, and in fact the defendant is guilty, so John spoke the trutH. C.It's true that John blurted out in court that the defendant was guilty, but John wasn't entitled to speak on that occasion, so you must ignore what he saiD. D.John said that the defendant was guilty, and Jane said that too, so Jane corroborated John's testimony.
E.John said that the defendant was guilty, and John's testimony is as reliable as anybody's, so you should conclude that the defendant is guilty
20
【单选题】(1分)
An appeal to authority
A.is an argument that criticizes what a person says by criticizing the person who says it.
B.is an argument that tries to refute a position by showing that it implies something that is obviously falsE. C.is an argument that supports what a person says by citing good properties of the person who says it.
D.is an argument that the members of a group must have a property because the group as a whole has that property.
E.is an argument with a premise or conclusion that cannot be falsified by any possible event.
21
【单选题】(1分)
An ad hominem argument
A.is an argument that criticizes what a person says by criticizing the person who says it.
B.is an argument that supports what a person says by citing good properties of the person who says it.
C.is an argument that the members of a group must have a property because the group as a whole has that property.
D.is an argument with a premise or conclusion that cannot be falsified by any possible event.
E.is an argument that tries to refute a position by showing that it implies something that is obviously falsE.22
【单选题】(1分)
An affirmer is an argument in which the premises are about the person making a point, and the conclusion is that
A.the point that they are making is falsE. B.they have more than enough evidence to make that point in the context in which they did, so you should be very confident that they are right.
C.they are especially entitled to make that point in the context in which they did, so you should pay special attention to them.
D.they did not have enough evidence to make that point in the context in which they did, so you should not believe them.
E.the premises are about the person making a point, and the conclusion is that the point that they are making is truE. F.they are not entitled to make that point in the context in which they did, so you should not listen to them.
23
【单选题】(1分)
A supporter is an argument in which the premises are about the person making a
point, and the conclusion is that
A.the premises are about the person making a point, and the conclusion is that the point that they are making is truE. B.they have more than enough evidence to make that point in the context in which they did, so you should be very confident that they are right.
C.they are not entitled to make that point in the context in which they did, so you should not listen to them.
D.they are especially entitled to make that point in the context in which they did, so you should pay special attention to them.
E.the point that they are making is falsE. F.they did not have enough evidence to make that point in the context in which they did, so you should not believe them.
24
【单选题】(1分)
A dismisser is an argument in which the premises are about the person making a point, and the conclusion is that
A.the premises are about the person making a point, and the conclusion is that the point that they are making is truE. B.they did not have enough evidence to make that point in the context in which they did, so you should not believe them.
C.the premises are about the person making a point, and the conclusion is that the point that they are making is falsE. D.A. they are not entitled to make that point in the context in which they did, so you should not listen to them.
E.they are especially entitled to make that point in the context in which they did, so you should pay special attention to them.
F.they have more than enough evidence to make that point in the context in which they did, so you should be very confident that they are right.
1
【单选题】(1分)
An argument begs the question when
A.you have no reason to believe the premises unless you already have a reason to believe the conclusion.
B.you have no reason to believe the premises.
C.you have no reason to believe anythinG. D.all of the above
E.you have no reason to believe the conclusion unless you already have a reason to believe the premises.
2
【单选题】(1分)
An argument is circular if
A.the conclusion is the only premisE. B.the conclusion does not follow from the premises.
C.the conclusion follows from the premises.
D.the conclusion is one of the premises.
E.the conclusion is distinct from the premises
3
【单选题】(1分)
Consider the following dialogue:
Akey: Those who have been enlightened recognize that the purpose of our life is
to carry out Zeus's orders, as laid down in this ancient document.
Brakey: Why should I believe that? Why shouldn't I live my life in the way that
seems most right to me, and never mind what your ancient document says?
Akey: Your questions reveal that you have not been enlightened!
In this dialogue, Akey's view cannot possibly be
A.refuteD. B.falsE. C.truE. D.believeD. E.all of the above
4
【单选题】(1分)
Which of the following claims is irrefutable?
A.Pluto does not orbit around the Sun.
B.The Earth is larger than the Moon.
C.none of the above
D.Anyone who believes in God can feel His presencE. E.This year, the United States has a larger population than Brazil.
5
【单选题】(1分)
Consider the following argument:
"There is a report in the Wall Street Journal that says that the Financial Times is a very reliable newspaper. But when we look at the Financial Times, we see a report that says that the Wall Street Journal is a very reliable newspaper. Therefore, both papers must be very reliable."
This argument is an example of a
A.fallacy of equivocation resulting from semantic ambiguity.
B.fallacy of equivocation resulting from syntactic ambiguity.
C.fallacy of vagueness.
D.begging the question.
E.counterexample to all arguments.
6
【单选题】(1分)
Which of the following arguments begs the question?
A."While in a foreign city, I asked a stranger how to get to the local monument. He ignored me, and so he must not know the way."
B."The stranger told me that it will rain today, so I should take my umbrella."
C.A and C, but not B or D
D."Walter told me that Ram is always lying, but Ram told me that Walter is always lying. Therefore, at least one of them is wrong."
E."The New York Times says that it contains all the news that's fit to print. And it would be fit to print if the New York Times did not contain all the news that's fit to print. Therefore, the New York Timesmust really contain all the news that's fit to print."
7
【单选题】(1分)
Consider the following dialogue:
Hokey: I know that I will go to Heaven when I diE.Pokey: How do you know that?
Hokey: Because my cleric tells me that I will.
Pokey: How do you know that what your cleric says is true?
Hokey: Because the Holy Book tells me that everything my cleric says is truE.Pokey: How do you know that what your Holy Book says is true?
Hokey: Because my cleric told me that everything the Holy Book says is truE.
In this dialogue, Hokey is
A.sliding down a slippery slopE. B.begging the question.
C.equivocatinG. D.all of the above
E.none of the above
8
【单选题】(1分)
Consider the following dialogue:
Hanky: The birth of a child is a blessed event!
Panky: So you say, but there are some who worry about human overpopulation, and they deny this.
Hanky: This is because they do not know how to tell blessed events from unblessed events.
Panky: How does one tell blessed from unblessed events?
Hanky: The only way to tell the difference is by consulting one’s feelings.
Panky: But how do you know whether you’re consulting your feelings correctly?
Hanky: Your feelings will tell you if you’re consulting them correctly.
The last statement that Hanky makes in this dialogue is
A.none of the above
B.equivocal.
C.question-begginG. D.all of the above
E.irrefutablE.
1
【单选题】(1分)
To refute an argument by parallel reasoning is to
A.all of the above
B.show that the form of the argument is invalid, by producing another invalid argument of the same form.
C.show that the form of the argument is valid, by producing another valid argument of the same form.
D.show that the form of the argument is invalid, by producing another valid argument of the same form.
E.show that the form of the argument is valid, by producing another invalid argument of the same form.
2
【单选题】(1分)
A reductio ad absurdum is an attempt to show that the argument is
A.fully successful by showing that the attempt to deny it would leave to absurdity.
B.unsuccessful by showing that its conclusion is obviously falsE. C.valid by proving its conclusion on its independent grounds.
D.unsuccessful by showing that the conclusion does not follow from the premises.
E.unsuccessful by showing that some of its premises are falsE.3
【单选题】(1分)
To attack a straw man is to show that
A.a particular argument is not sound, but in the course of doing so to misrepresent one's target argument.
B.a particular argument is not sound, but in the course of doing so, to misrepresent one's own prooF. C.an argument is made from straw.
D.a particular argument is both valid and sound, but to do so a way that avoids all use of straw
E.any argument made from straw cannot be valiD.4
【单选题】(1分)
Consider the following dialogue:
Argle: You shouldn't walk on the grass, because if everybody did that, the grass
would die from tramplinG.Bargle: That's just like arguing that I shouldn't go to the theater now, because if
everyone did that, the theater would be packed so tightly that people would
suffocatE.
In this exchange, Bargle is attempting to
A.all of the above
B.refute a straw man.
C.refute Argle's reasoning by parallel reasoninG. D.refute Argle's reasoning by providing a counterexamplE. E.refute Argle's reasoning by reduction ad absurdum.
5
【单选题】(1分)
Consider the following dialogue:
Fred: On average, Americans do not live as long as Greeks.
Ted: That's ridiculous! My American uncle lived twenty years longer than my
Greek uncle did!
In this exchange, Ted is
A.giving a circular argument.
B.committing a fallacy of equivocation
C.refuting a straw man.
D.guilty of a slippery slope fallacy
E.all of the above
6
【单选题】(1分)
Consider the following dialogue:
Mike: The state needs to make companies pay for the degradation that they
cause to our natural environment.
Ike: That's ridiculous! It's like arguing that the state needs to make unpleasant
people pay for the degradation that they cause to our social environment.
In this dialogue, Ike is trying to
A.refute Mike's argument by interexamplE. B.refute Mike's argument by parallel reasoninG. C.offer a silencing argument against MikE. D.refute Mike's argument by counterexamplE. E.offer a dismisser argument against MikE.7
【单选题】(1分)
Consider the following dialogue:
Walter: There's a counterexample to every generalization!
Ram: Either what you just said is true or it's false. If it's true, then there is a
counterexample to every generalization, including that very generalization
itself—and so it's falsE.
In this dialogue, Ram's argument is an example of
A.refutation by parallel reasoninG. B.a dismisser.
C.reductio ad absurdum.
D.refutation by counterexamplE. E.a silencer.
8
【单选题】(1分)
To refute an argument is to show that
A.its premises do not follow from its conclusion.
B.its conclusion is among its premises.
C.it is practically useless.
D.it is unsuccessful.
E.it is irrefutablE.9
【单选题】(1分)
A reductio ad absurdum is a demonstration that
A.a particular conclusion is also a premisE. B.a particular conclusion implies some particular premisE. C.a particular premise implies a particular conclusion.
D.a particular premise implies some absurd conclusion.
E.all of the above
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